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| Ray Bradbury |
In June of this year, Ray Bradbury—science
fiction & fantasy master and visionary and my hero—passed away at age 91.
Visionary premise and large ideas reign
in the genres of science fiction, fantasy and horror (whose borders Bradbury’s
writing seamlessly subverted: “What I have always been is a hybrid author”
Bradbury said in 2009). But Bradbury was far more than a brilliant visionary
like Clarke, Asimov and Heinlein. He was the undisputed King of Metaphor. His
subtle exploration and layered interpretations of the human psyche resonate
deeply. At the soul-level.
Ray Bradbury once told me that
everything I wrote was metaphor—every single word: from the verb I chose to
move a sentence to the name of a character. I remember coming close to tears
the last time I watched him speak at a conference several years ago in Palm
Springs; when he spoke so eloquently in that homespun sing-song voice about the
role of the writer as artist. It resonated so powerfully.
A while back, I wrote an article
on Bradbury’s writing as an example of the power of metaphor. The article was
entitled “The Martian Chronicles and Other Metaphors”:
They came because
they were afraid or unafraid, happy or unhappy. There was a reason for each
man. They were coming to find something or get something, or to dig up
something or bury something. They were coming with small dreams or big dreams
or none at all —Ray Bradbury, The Martian Chronicles
When I was but a sprite, and before I
became an avid reader of books (I preferred comic books), I read Ray Bradbury’s
The Martian Chronicles. It changed
me. It changed what I thought of books and what I felt about the power of
stories. It made me cry. And perhaps that was when I decided to become a
writer. I wanted to move people as Bradbury had moved me.
The Martian
Chronicles isn’t really about Mars. It’s about us. Who we are, what we are, and
what we may become. What we inadvertently do—to others, and finally to
ourselves—and how the irony of chance can change everything.
The 1970 Bantam book jacket so aptly
calls The Martian Chronicles, “a
story of familiar people and familiar passions set against incredible beauties
of a new world … A skillful blending of fancy and satire, terror and
tenderness, wonder and contempt.”
Written in the 1940s, the chronicles drip with a nostalgic
atmosphere — shady porches with tinkling pitchers of lemonade, grandfather
clocks, chintz-covered sofas. But longing for this comfortable past proves
dangerous in every way to Bradbury's characters — the golden-eyed Martians as
well as the humans. Starting in the far-flung future of 1999, expedition after
expedition leaves Earth to investigate Mars. The Martians guard their mysteries
well, but soon succumb to the diseases that arrive with the rockets —
recapitulating the tragedies that European colonization caused our indigenous
peoples. Colonists appear on Mars, most of them with ideas no more lofty than
starting a hot-dog stand, and with little respect for the culture they are
displacing.
Bradbury weaves metaphor into
everything he writes, from setting to a character’s name. I didn’t know this
when I was a young girl, enthralled by his stories, his characters, his scenes
and words. I just responded viscerally to what he’d created.
This is why Bradbury is one of my
favorite writers (possibly my very favorite; though he comes close to Thomas
Hardy). Bradbury, more than any other writer I know takes the strange—the
other—to show us who we are.
The
Martian Chronicles prophesized the banning of books, especially
works of fantasy, a theme Bradbury would take on fully in the 1953 release, Fahrenheit 451. Inspired by the Cold
War, the rise of television and the author's passion for libraries, it was an
apocalyptic narrative of nuclear war abroad and empty pleasure at home, with
firefighters assigned to burn books instead of putting blazes out.
In the
1967 introduction of his novel, Fahrenheit 451 (based on his novella, The
Fireman), Ray Bradbury implied that the Nazi book burnings helped compel
him to write his story: "It follows then that when Hitler burned a book
I felt it as keenly, please forgive me, as his killing a human, for in the long
sum of history they are one in the same flesh." For those of you who
haven't yet read his novel (one of my favourite books, ever), this cautionary
tale explores a fictional future society that has institutionalized book
burning in an effort by authorities to maintain order and 'happiness'. In this
world, firemen don't put out fires; they start them. By the way, 451 degrees F
is the temperature that paper catches fire and burns. The story begins with
Montag, an ordinary fireman:
"It
was a pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see
things blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this
great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded
in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing conductor playing all
the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters and charcoal
ruins of history...Montag grinned the fierce grin of all men singed and
driven back by the flame. He knew that when he returned to the firehouse, he
might wink at himself, a minstrel man, burnt-corked, in the mirror."
Bradbury’s cautionary metaphoric tale
reminds us that it isn’t just them;
it’s us:
In his 1821 play, Almansor, the German writer Heinrich Heine (referring to the
burning of the Muslim holy book, the Koran, during the Spanish Inquisition)
wrote: Dort, wo man Bucher verbrennt,
verbrennt man am Ende auch Menschen—"Where they burn books, they will
end in burning human beings." A century later, on May 6th, 1933, Heine's
books were among the thousands of volumes publicly hauled out and burned in the
streets by the Nazis in Berlin's Opernplatz. A violent outburst that, in fact,
did foreshadow the blazing ovens of the Holocaust.
Fahrenheit
451 was Bradbury's only true science-fiction work, according to the
author, who said all his other works should have been called fantasy. "It
was a book based on real facts and also on my hatred for people who burn
books," he told The Associated Press in 2002.
A futuristic classic often taught alongside George Orwell's
"1984" and Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World," Bradbury's
novel anticipated iPods, interactive television, electronic surveillance and
live, sensational media events, including televised police pursuits.
"I'm not afraid of machines," Bradbury told Writer's Digest in 1976. "I don't
think the robots are taking over. I think the men who play with toys have taken
over. And if we don't take the toys out of their hands, we're fools."
In 2009, during a lecture in a small
library in Southern California, Bradbury exhorted his listeners to live their
lives as he had lived his: "Do what you love and love what you do…If
someone tells you to do something for money, tell them to go to hell."
Good advice, Ray. I will miss
you.
Nina Munteanu is an
ecologist and internationally published author of novels, short stories and
essays. She coaches writers and teaches writing at George Brown College and the
University of Toronto. For more about Nina’s coaching & workshops visit www.ninamunteanu.me. Visit www.ninamunteanu.ca for more about her writing.
